December may be one of the coldest and darkest months in Europe, but it’s also a time of opportunity for dedicated gardeners. While the ground might be frosty and the days short, December is far from a dormant period in the garden. This month offers the chance to harvest winter crops at their peak, as well as to plant bare-root trees, shrubs, and perennials that will establish themselves before the spring growing season. This comprehensive guide will explore how to make the most of December in your garden, focusing on winter harvests and the benefits of bare-root planting.
Embracing December Gardening in Europe
Gardening in December requires an understanding of the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the European climate. While cold temperatures and limited daylight can slow growth, they also create ideal conditions for certain types of planting and harvesting.
Understanding the December Climate
December’s weather varies significantly across Europe, from the icy conditions in Scandinavia and the UK to the milder, yet still cool, climates of Southern Europe. These variations influence what can be planted and harvested during the month.
The Challenges of Short Days
With daylight hours limited, photosynthesis is reduced, slowing the growth of most plants. However, this slower growth is actually beneficial for some crops, improving their flavor and nutritional content.
- Photoperiod Sensitivity: Certain plants are more affected by the short days and may require specific light conditions to thrive. Understanding which crops are best suited for winter growth is key to a successful December garden.
- Cold Temperatures: Frost and cold snaps are common in December, particularly in northern Europe. Choosing frost-tolerant crops and using protective measures like mulching can help mitigate the impact of the cold.
The Benefits of Winter Gardening
Despite the challenges, winter gardening in December offers several benefits, including the potential for fresh harvests and the optimal conditions for planting bare-root plants.
Fresh Winter Harvests
Winter vegetables are often at their best in December, benefiting from the cold temperatures that enhance their flavor and texture. Harvesting in December allows you to enjoy fresh, homegrown produce when other sources of fresh food might be scarce.
- Flavor Enhancement: Many winter vegetables, such as kale and Brussels sprouts, develop a sweeter flavor after exposure to frost. This is due to the plant converting starches into sugars as a protective measure against the cold.
- Nutritional Value: Winter vegetables are packed with vitamins and minerals, providing essential nutrients during a time when fresh produce can be harder to find.
Bare-Root Planting
December is an ideal time for planting bare-root trees, shrubs, and perennials. These plants are dormant in winter, making it easier for them to establish strong root systems before the growing season begins in spring.
- Cost-Effective: Bare-root plants are often less expensive than their potted counterparts, making them a cost-effective option for expanding your garden.
- Better Establishment: Planting bare-root plants in December allows them to take advantage of the winter moisture and cooler temperatures, leading to stronger, more resilient growth in spring.
Harvesting in December
December is a prime time for harvesting certain winter crops that have been slowly maturing through the colder months. These vegetables and herbs are at their peak in terms of flavor and nutritional content.
1. Root Vegetables
Root vegetables are the backbone of the winter harvest, thriving in the cold and storing well in the ground until needed. December is the perfect time to dig up these hearty crops.
A. Carrots
Carrots are a versatile root vegetable that becomes sweeter after a frost, making December the ideal time to harvest them.
- Harvesting Tips: To harvest carrots, gently loosen the soil around the roots with a garden fork before pulling them out. If the ground is frozen, cover the carrot bed with straw or mulch to keep the soil workable.
- Storage: Carrots can be stored in a cool, damp place for several months, making them a reliable source of fresh produce throughout the winter.
B. Parsnips
Parsnips are another root vegetable that benefits from the cold, developing a sweeter, more complex flavor after frost exposure.
- Harvesting Tips: Use a garden fork to carefully lift parsnips from the soil. These roots can grow deep, so take care to avoid breaking them during harvest.
- Culinary Uses: Parsnips are excellent for roasting, mashing, or adding to stews and soups, where their sweetness can complement other winter flavors.
C. Beetroots
Beetroots thrive in cooler weather, and their vibrant color and earthy flavor make them a winter staple.
- Harvesting Tips: Beetroots are best harvested when they are about the size of a tennis ball. Larger beets can become woody, so it’s important to harvest them at the right size.
- Storage: Beetroots store well in a cool, damp place, similar to carrots and parsnips. They can also be pickled or canned for longer storage.
2. Brassicas
Brassicas, or members of the cabbage family, are well-suited to cold weather and often improve in flavor after exposure to frost.
A. Brussels Sprouts
Brussels sprouts are a quintessential winter vegetable, known for their ability to thrive in cold conditions.
- Harvesting Tips: Start harvesting Brussels sprouts from the bottom of the stalk, where the sprouts mature first. Frost enhances their flavor, so there’s no need to rush the harvest.
- Culinary Uses: Brussels sprouts can be roasted, steamed, or sautéed, and they pair well with rich flavors like bacon or chestnuts.
B. Kale
Kale is one of the hardiest leafy greens, capable of surviving in temperatures well below freezing.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest kale by cutting the outer leaves first, allowing the center to continue producing. Kale can be harvested continuously throughout the winter.
- Nutritional Value: Kale is packed with vitamins A, C, and K, as well as antioxidants, making it a nutritional powerhouse during the winter months.
C. Cabbage
Winter cabbages are robust and can withstand the cold, providing fresh greens even in December.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest cabbage when the heads are firm and fully developed. If a hard frost is expected, it may be wise to cut and store them indoors.
- Varieties: ‘January King’ and ‘Savoy’ are popular varieties for winter harvesting, offering cold resistance and excellent flavor.
3. Leafy Greens
Some leafy greens continue to thrive in the cold, providing fresh, nutritious leaves throughout December.
A. Spinach
Spinach is a cold-tolerant green that can be harvested well into winter.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest spinach by cutting the outer leaves, leaving the inner leaves to continue growing. This allows for continuous harvests.
- Culinary Uses: Spinach is versatile and can be used in salads, sautés, and soups. Its tender leaves are particularly sweet after frost exposure.
B. Chard
Chard, also known as Swiss chard, is a vibrant and hardy leafy green that can survive winter temperatures.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest chard by cutting the outer leaves, allowing the plant to produce new growth. Chard can be harvested repeatedly, making it a reliable winter crop.
- Nutritional Value: Chard is rich in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as minerals like magnesium and potassium.
C. Winter Lettuce
Winter lettuce varieties are specifically bred to withstand colder temperatures, making them ideal for December harvesting.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest winter lettuce by picking individual leaves or cutting entire heads. Protect the plants with cloches or fleece during particularly cold spells to extend the harvest.
- Varieties: ‘Winter Density’ and ‘Arctic King’ are reliable winter lettuces, offering crisp leaves and good cold tolerance.
4. Herbs
While many herbs go dormant in winter, some hardy varieties continue to produce leaves that can be harvested throughout December.
A. Parsley
Parsley is a resilient herb that can survive winter with minimal protection, adding fresh, vibrant flavor to winter dishes.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest parsley by cutting the outer stems at the base, allowing the inner stems to continue growing. Parsley can be harvested continuously throughout the winter.
- Culinary Uses: Parsley is versatile and can be used in soups, stews, salads, and as a garnish.
B. Thyme
Thyme is a hardy perennial herb that can be harvested throughout the winter.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest thyme by cutting small sprigs as needed. Thyme is frost-tolerant and can be harvested even in snowy conditions.
- Culinary Uses: Thyme is a classic herb for winter dishes, adding flavor to roasts, soups, and stews.
C. Rosemary
Rosemary is another hardy herb that can be harvested throughout the winter, particularly in milder climates.
- Harvesting Tips: Harvest rosemary by cutting sprigs as needed. In colder regions, consider bringing potted rosemary plants indoors to protect them from frost.
- Culinary Uses: Rosemary pairs well with roasted meats, potatoes, and bread, adding a fragrant, earthy flavor to winter dishes.
Bare-Root Planting in December
December is also an ideal time for planting bare-root trees, shrubs, and perennials. These plants are sold without soil around their roots, making them lighter, easier to handle, and often more affordable than potted plants.
What is Bare-Root Planting?
Bare-root planting involves transplanting trees, shrubs, or perennials that have been dug up from the ground during their dormant period and sold with their roots exposed. This method of planting is common in the winter months when the plants are dormant and less likely to suffer from transplant shock.
- Cost-Effective: Bare-root plants are typically less expensive than their container-grown counterparts because they are cheaper to transport and store.
- Better Establishment: Planting bare-root plants in December allows them to establish strong root systems during the winter months, leading to more vigorous growth in the spring.
The Benefits of Bare-Root Planting
Bare-root planting offers several advantages, particularly when done in December.
1. Dormant Season Planting
December is the perfect time to plant bare-root plants because they are dormant, meaning they are not actively growing. This reduces the risk of transplant shock and allows the plants to focus on root development rather than top growth.
- Root Development: During the winter, bare-root plants can establish a strong root system without the stress of supporting leaves or flowers. This leads to healthier, more resilient plants in the spring.
- Reduced Water Needs: Because the plants are dormant, they require less water during the winter, reducing the need for frequent watering.
2. Greater Selection
Bare-root plants are often available in a wider variety of species and cultivars than container-grown plants, particularly when it comes to fruit trees, roses, and perennials.
- Fruit Trees: Many fruit trees, including apples, pears, and plums, are available as bare-root plants in December. These trees benefit from winter planting, as it allows them to establish roots before the growing season begins.
- Roses: Bare-root roses are a popular choice for winter planting, offering a wide range of colors, forms, and fragrances.
3. Easier Handling and Planting
Bare-root plants are lighter and easier to handle than potted plants, making them simpler to transport and plant. This is particularly beneficial for large-scale planting projects.
- Lightweight: Without the added weight of soil, bare-root plants are easier to move and position in the garden.
- Simple Planting Process: Planting bare-root plants is straightforward—simply dig a hole, spread out the roots, and cover them with soil. The lack of a root ball means there’s no need to worry about breaking or damaging roots during planting.
How to Plant Bare-Root Trees and Shrubs
Planting bare-root trees and shrubs in December requires careful preparation and attention to detail to ensure successful establishment.
1. Preparing the Planting Site
Before planting, it’s important to choose the right location and prepare the soil to give your bare-root plants the best possible start.
- Choosing a Location: Select a location with well-drained soil and adequate sunlight. Consider the mature size of the tree or shrub when choosing a spot, allowing enough space for it to grow.
- Soil Preparation: Dig a hole wide enough to accommodate the spread of the roots. The hole should be deep enough so that the plant’s root flare (where the roots meet the trunk or stem) is at or slightly above ground level. Amend the soil with compost or well-rotted manure if necessary to improve fertility and drainage.
2. Planting the Bare-Root Plant
Once the planting site is prepared, it’s time to plant the bare-root tree or shrub.
- Soaking the Roots: Before planting, soak the roots of the bare-root plant in water for a few hours to rehydrate them. This helps reduce transplant shock and ensures the roots are ready to establish in the soil.
- Positioning the Plant: Place the plant in the hole, spreading out the roots evenly. The root flare should be level with the surrounding soil. If necessary, create a small mound of soil at the bottom of the hole to support the roots and prevent the plant from sinking.
- Backfilling and Watering: Backfill the hole with soil, firming it gently around the roots to eliminate air pockets. Water the plant thoroughly to help settle the soil and ensure good root-to-soil contact.
3. Mulching and Aftercare
After planting, mulching and proper aftercare are essential for helping the bare-root plant establish.
- Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as compost, straw, or wood chips, around the base of the plant. Mulch helps insulate the soil, retain moisture, and suppress weeds. Keep the mulch away from the trunk or stems to prevent rot.
- Watering: Water the plant regularly throughout the winter, especially during dry spells. While bare-root plants require less water than actively growing plants, it’s important to keep the soil evenly moist to encourage root growth.
Choosing the Right Bare-Root Plants
When selecting bare-root plants for December planting, consider factors such as your garden’s climate, soil type, and the plant’s growth habits.
1. Fruit Trees
Bare-root fruit trees are a popular choice for winter planting, offering the opportunity to grow your own fresh fruit at home.
- Apple Trees: Apples are one of the most common bare-root fruit trees. Look for varieties suited to your climate, such as ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’ for temperate regions or ‘Gravenstein’ for cooler climates.
- Pear Trees: Pears are another excellent choice for bare-root planting. Varieties like ‘Conference’ and ‘Williams’ are reliable producers in most European climates.
2. Roses
Bare-root roses are available in a wide range of types, including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. They are ideal for adding color and fragrance to your garden.
- Hybrid Teas: Hybrid tea roses are known for their large, showy blooms and long stems, making them perfect for cutting gardens.
- Climbing Roses: Climbing roses can be trained along fences, trellises, or walls, adding vertical interest to your garden.
3. Perennials
Bare-root perennials are an economical way to add long-lasting color and structure to your garden beds and borders.
- Peonies: Peonies are a classic garden perennial that performs well when planted bare-root. They produce large, fragrant blooms in late spring and early summer.
- Hostas: Hostas are shade-loving perennials with lush foliage that can add texture and color to shaded areas of your garden.
Preparing Your Garden for Winter
In addition to harvesting and planting, December is an important time to prepare your garden for the winter months ahead. Taking care of your garden now will ensure that it’s ready to thrive when spring arrives.
1. Protecting Plants from Frost
Frost is a major concern in December, particularly in northern Europe. Protecting your plants from frost damage is essential for ensuring their survival.
- Mulching: Applying a thick layer of mulch around the base of plants helps insulate the soil and protect roots from freezing temperatures. This is especially important for perennials and young trees.
- Frost Cloths: Use frost cloths or horticultural fleece to cover tender plants during particularly cold nights. This can help prevent frost damage to leaves and stems.
2. Pruning and Cutting Back
Pruning and cutting back plants in December helps prepare them for winter dormancy and encourages healthy growth in the spring.
- Pruning Trees and Shrubs: Winter is a good time to prune deciduous trees and shrubs, as their structure is more visible when the leaves are gone. Remove dead, diseased, or damaged branches to improve the plant’s shape and health.
- Cutting Back Perennials: Cut back perennials that have finished flowering to tidy up the garden and prevent diseases from overwintering in the dead foliage. Leave some seed heads for wildlife if desired.
3. Cleaning and Storing Tools
Cleaning and storing your garden tools properly at the end of the growing season will extend their lifespan and ensure they’re ready for use in the spring.
- Cleaning: Remove soil and debris from tools using a wire brush or scraper. Wash them with warm, soapy water and dry thoroughly to prevent rust.
- Sharpening: Use a sharpening stone or file to sharpen the edges of pruners, shears, and hoes. Sharp tools make cleaner cuts and reduce the risk of damaging plants.
- Storing: Store tools in a dry, protected area, such as a shed or garage. Hanging tools on a wall or storing them in a tool rack can help prevent damage and keep them organized.
Conclusion
December is a month of opportunity in the garden, offering the chance to harvest winter crops at their peak and plant bare-root trees, shrubs, and perennials that will flourish in the coming year. By understanding the unique challenges and benefits of gardening in December, you can make the most of this quiet yet productive season. Whether you’re digging up sweet root vegetables, planting bare-root roses, or preparing your garden for winter, the work you do now will pay off with a vibrant and bountiful garden in the months to come.
